Theories of emotion provide frameworks for understanding their origin and function. The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions arise from physiological responses to stimuli—for instance, trembling leading to the feeling of fear. In contrast, the Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously, while the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory emphasizes the role of cognitive interpretation in labeling emotions. These perspectives demonstrate that emotions are both biologically grounded and cognitively constructed.
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Motivation explains why individuals initiate, sustain, and direct behavior toward goals. Motivation can be intrinsic, driven by personal satisfaction and curiosity, or extrinsic, driven by external rewards or social pressures. Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs organizes motivation into levels, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization, illustrating the interplay of survival, social, and personal growth factors. Motivation also interacts with emotions, as positive affect often enhances engagement and persistence, whereas negative affect can either hinder or energize action depending on context.
Psychologists study the neural and hormonal underpinnings of motivation and emotion. The limbic system, including the amygdala and hippocampus, plays a key role in emotional processing, while neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin influence reward, pleasure, and mood regulation. Understanding these biological mechanisms informs treatment for emotional disorders, addiction, and motivational deficits.
