Fertilizers supplement nutrients that may be missing from the soil. Essential nutrients include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), known as macronutrients. Nitrogen promotes leafy growth, phosphorus supports root and flower development, and potassium improves overall plant health and disease resistance. Micronutrients like iron, magnesium, and zinc are also vital in smaller amounts. Organic fertilizers, such as compost, manure, and bone meal, release nutrients slowly and improve soil structure. Chemical fertilizers act quickly but may harm soil microbes and require careful application to avoid overuse.
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Composting is an environmentally friendly way to recycle organic waste while enriching soil. By decomposing kitchen scraps, garden clippings, and other biodegradable materials, gardeners produce nutrient-rich humus. Compost improves soil structure, enhances moisture retention, encourages beneficial microorganisms, and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. Proper composting requires balancing “greens” (nitrogen-rich materials) and “browns” (carbon-rich materials), maintaining moisture, and turning the pile to ensure aeration.
Mulching is another effective soil management technique. Organic mulches, such as straw, wood chips, or shredded leaves, conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Inorganic mulches, like gravel or plastic sheets, are used in certain situations to prevent erosion or retain heat. Both types protect soil and support plant health by reducing stress from environmental fluctuations.
